increasing problems with their skull being too small for their brain.  More and more Dalmatians are testing with deafness.  Most bulldog births are by c-section because the puppies’ heads are too big and hip dysplasia in bulldogs is rampant.  These choices ending in near deformities are only a few of the examples resulting from long term breeding extreme practices or worse.    
​
Breeders have choices to truly improve or preserve the breed with an eye to the future.  The Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI) is only one tool for healthier puppies.  It was developed by Sewell Wright (1922) and begins with an individual to measure how closely related - or not - an individual’s ancestors were by how genetically similar they were. In dogs this means looking at the level of inbreeding. This identification is represented as a percentage (0%-100%). The higher the number means a greater amount of inbreeding and a lot more. Greater diversity is reflected in a lower COI. The annual breed average COI varies according to breed.
 
Diversity is one of the keys to the survival of any breed. Lack of diversity or a higher COI means there will be a serious loss of vitality or vigor in the puppies and an increase in recessive mutations. ‘Vigor’ is a term denoting fecundity or successful breeding/fertility along with normal life expectancy and health.  One study found closely related breeding pairs resulted in one less puppy per litter. Another study showed  adults were 6% smaller than normal.

A COI of only 5-10% has modest detrimental effects on a puppy where a COI over 10% shows predictable, significant harmful effects on the descendants and the breed.  COI has been proven to be a more a successful formula for healthier dogs than pedigree-based estimates have been. Diversity tests are done with saliva swab.  Easy. UC Davis VGL is one testing center among others. The sad fact is that within some breeds it is impossible to breed unrelated dogs.  Most of those ‘vulnerable breeds’ have higher inbreeding histories. 
     
Participating in dog shows is fun and can continue for many years whether or not participation is as a hobbyist or a more serious contender.  Many of these vulnerable breeds are represented in these shows. A great number of breeders or owners do not participate in showing their dogs.  In each conformation show one beauty moves up the competition echelon for the title of  Best in Show which is the pinnacle for any show. 

Generally, competition classes go through Winners Dog[male](WD) or Winners Bitch(WB), Best of Breed(BOB), Best of Opposite Sex (BOS), then Best of Winners(BOW).  There are classes designated by age. Breed winners compete for the title of Best in Show.  Dogs compete against dogs of their own breed, dogs in their group, and so on. There are seven groups competing. In the Toy group alone, there are 21 breeds.  A lot depends on the number of dogs in attendance.
 
Shows vary in size, for example there are very few bearded collies, none or a lot. Earning points, majors, championships, levels of championships are all part of excelling in the exciting world of competitive dog shows whether in conformation or sports.  There are few shows that award monetary prizes.  Westminster does not award monetary prizes where the  AKC Championship Show awards $50,000 to its Best in Show winner.  

The winners must defeat champions along the way and there are regulations about judges.  It is the same competitive path with a few caveats from the smallest shows to the more prestigious ones.  Most shows do not have prior requirements to register other than being a member of AKC.  There are non-AKC shows that do not support AKC and titles are not interchangeable.  It takes winning many shows and years to achieve such a thing as an AKC Bronze or Platinum Grand Champion. Showing requires a pretty dog that wants to show, time, a committed owner, and the finances to support it.  Handlers are available to show the dog as well.
 
The preeminent conformation show is the annual Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, June 12-13, hosted this year in Tarrytown, New York.  This conformation show was established in 1877 but was originally started in Manhattan as an opportunity for hunters to gather and showcase their dogs, mostly Setters and Pointers.  The group met at the Westminster Hotel in New York City. 
They established the Westminster Kennel Club, and the show grew exponentially in popularity.   Today there are about 48 breeds categorized as gun dogs or bird dogs.  Subcategories are flushing dogs, retrievers and pointing breeds. 

Normally at Westminster there are roughly 3000 dogs competing to be the Best of Breed and ultimately, Best in Show.  These dogs represent about 204 breeds and varieties. Prior to the main two days of competition there are miscellaneous events such as the Masters Agility Championship.  Second to the Kentucky Derby, Westminster is considered the oldest, continuous sporting event in America.  From the beginning Westminster donated funds from this show to support worthy charities.  Participants meet specific qualifications to compete at Westminster. In 2020 competitors came from 49 states and 19 countries.
 
Most people who show their dogs because they love their dogs and want to prove their value.  A different aspect of winning with a dog is the business of breeding and the value of the puppies, where champions and grand champions rule.  Super studs in any breed are part of what is called “popular sire syndrome”. A very prolific number of litters can be produced via artificial insemination or semen storage process by a single sire for years. It is seen when the same name appears over and over again on one pedigree or across the years on many pedigrees.   

When the studs are simply conformation (beauty) superstars without good genetic and physical health testing and may affect breed health they perpetuate hereditary problems. Unfortunately, due to status their progeny are highly valued.  Even if health testing is done at an early age – and some tests or exams cannot be done or validated until a dog is over a year old.  There are health conditions that have no test available and/or  do not announce themselves prior to presenting the symptoms.  Hip testing begins at two years of age although there are a few preliminary OFA tests in different areas such as eyes that can be done early for informational purposes. German shepherds have more than 50 hereditary disorders that are preventable with genetic and health testing.  

Judges cannot see into the DNA of a beautiful dog and do not know the current or past health history of a competitor.  They judge for beauty and individual breed standard in conformation looking at structure, appearance, temperament  and how true to the individual breed the dog is.  Judges have qualifications they must meet along the way, too. In other events it is the same – the best competitor wins.  Bloodlines may be well known but often flaws or disease such as junior cataracts (congenital) do not weigh heavily nor are such things recorded in a pedigree.  Having healthy breeding dogs is ultimately the owner’s and/or breeder’s responsibility and choice.   
    
The genetic health of the sire and dam gives insight into the health and disposition of the puppies. If breeders do not health test their dogs before breeding them then the breed can be adversely affected by continuing avoidable flaws and preventable disease litter after litter.  Unhealthy choices based on perceived beauty have proven to be detrimental to the welfare of several breeds, such as the extreme breeding to flatten a pug muzzle.  Two of the many problems with facial shortening is overheating and breathing difficulty.  Compared to the dogs of the past there are breeds that have changed dramatically.
 
The KC  list of ‘Vulnerable Breeds’ includes breeds such as the otter hounds, Welsh corgis, the bloodhound, collies, bearded collies, the old English sheep dog, mastiffs, and the  Scottish deerhound. The list continues with various terriers large and small, spaniels and setters.  See the article for exact ‘vulnerable breeds’ listed Dr. Stanley Corner authored the Canine Corner for Psychology Today and wrote about endangered breeds. In his article ‘Dog Breeds Vulnerable to Extinction in the United States’, Dr. Corner postulated that the vulnerable breeds in the United States include again, terriers, spaniels, greyhound, mastiff, Coonhound, Briard, sheepdog, and a few others. See the article for exact breeds listed 
 
Understanding these survival dangers even from a layman’s perspective enriches a breeding program and encourages hope. Inbreeding Depression describes the deterioration of a breed (health, vitality,  longevity and fertility) when two closely related dogs are bred together. In short, Inbreeding Depression means the reducing a breed’s survival rate.  Details include things like:

• Declining health of the puppies
• Difficulty of conceiving or whelping
• Ability to live or be healthy without outside intervention, etc. 

Another aspect of a breed’s decline includes an ‘Extinction Vortex’.  It is the point of inbreeding where the vigor (smaller litters, increased deaths, and mutations) negatively impacts a population.  Without intervention the population decreases and spirals down into extinction. 
 
Random Genetic Drift, also known as genetic sampling error or The Sewall Wright Effect,  It is a change in a small population occurring by accident. A random genetic trait is lost or multiplied in the genetic pool independently of reproductive or survival values. This is not the same as natural selection and can result in sterility. Just one of Mother Nature’s chance occurrences. Genetic drift is another component of the extinction vortex.

One answer to many of these concerns is Outcrossing or breeding unrelated health tested dogs.  Limiting line- and inbreeding is a growing concern.  Supporting breeding dogs with a COI no greater than 6.25%  would be ideal. Trying to keep the COI very low would make a huge difference especially for some of these endangered breeds although this may not be possible with some breeds. Again, there is COI average according to the breed. Spaying or neutering flawed and/or diseased breeding stock to prevent propagating avoidably unhealthy puppies regardless of their accomplishments or other considerations would be a change and challenge for some breeders.
 
A standard international health test check list for dogs that breeders could use would be beneficial for each breed.  Puppies are imported and exported all over the world.  Breed health requirements beyond vaccinations should be standardized internationally where possible.  Puppies can be tested almost immediately for a few things that will determine whether or not they are possibly a good breeding candidate.  Health testing is a growing field.  Its growth and usage benefits us all. 
 
Another improvement would be that judges take refresher clinics on breed standard vs. breed presentation in conformation with some accountability added which could be helpful. Judges set the standards by elimination. In some ways judges are the gate keepers to maintaining and enforcing the breed standard via their influence.  For example many Havanese are dressed to look like Shih Tzu in the ring because that is what the judge’s *winning* choice is even though the breed standard states otherwise.

The key to supporting a healthy breed standard is the institutions that promote the best in hereditary health, current health, and the purpose for what this breed was meant for. It plays a part in intentions. A good example of this is: A breeder that breeds a gun dog looks for and encourages different things than a breeder that breeds a herding dog.
  
To that end individual breed standards need to be medically evaluated to move them forward to support healthy bodies in the future. The KC in England “cracked down on non-functional extremes . . . in order to stop the trend of turning dogs into caricatures”(Fred Lang/TheDogPlace). A healthy standard or directive needs to be confirmed and certified for each breed through its own international breed club.  
 
Celebrating purebred dogs recognizes these beautiful, unique dogs and their rich history and the need for breeders to chart a clear course for their future.  There needs to be more breeders who work to preserve and perhaps, repair their breed through diversity in their breeding program,  investigative health testing, and following OFA testing recommendations. It is an important trait to have the fortitude to shut down breeding any dog that produces proven genetic flaw(s) or is genetically diseased regardless of investment, etc. In other words they put the breed first. Multi-level intervention early on increases breed stability, health, and growth.  For so many breeders who invest their hearts and finances in their dogs, step it up, this makes a difference!  

P.S.  For all you folks out there that have beloved dogs with varied histories, this is not an attack on your wonderful dog nor is your dog less than. This article's goal is that if we want purebred dogs, as preservation breeders, we have to have a defined outline of that breed, their health, and the intention for which this breed came about.  The standards are there to qualify the goal. 

Recommendations:
For Havanese COI, we use Havanese Gallery

References:
ABRI, UNE. Inbreeding, http://abri.une.edu.au/online/pages/inbreeding_coefficient_help.htm.

Anonymous. “Your Purebred Is Inbred: 5 Realities of Dog Breeding.” Cracked.com, Cracked.com, 19 Jan. 2016, https://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1712-your-purebred-inbred-5-realities-dog-breeding.html.

Arnold, Brandy. “History of the Westminster Dog Show.” The Dogington Post, 7 Nov. 2019, http://www.dogingtonpost.com/history-of-westminster-dog-show/.

Boyko, Ph. D., Adam. “Dog Inbreeding, Its Consequences, and Its Quantification: Embark.” Embarkvet, Embark Vet, 6 Apr. 2022, https://embarkvet.com/resources/dog-health/oedipus-rex-inbreeding-its-consequences-and-its-quantification/.

“Coi FAQS: Understanding the Coefficient of Inbreeding.” The Institute of Canine Biology, https://www.instituteofcaninebiology.org/blog/coi-faqs-understanding-the-coefficient-of-inbreeding#:~:text+So%2C%20in%20terms%20of%20health.detrimental%20effects%20on%20the%20offspring.

Coren Ph. D., DSc, FRSC , Stanley. “Dog Breeds Vulnerable to Extinction in the United States.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 13 Nov. 2013, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/canine-corner/201311/dog-breeds-vulnerable-extinction-in-the-united-states.

Crabtree-Hannigan, James. “Westminster Dog Show Prize Money: How Much Do the Winners Make in 2020?” Sporting News, 10 Feb. 2020, https://www.sportingnews.com/us/other-sports/news/westminster-dog-show-prize-money-2020/5byztinvhu3v1pe0ajnpvf48f.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Genetic Drift.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-drift.

Gabriella. “Home.” German Sheperd Corner, 12 Jan. 2021, https://germanshepherdcorner.com/health-issues-in-german-shepherds/.

Gornstein, Leslie. “22 Vulnerable Dog Breeds That Could Disappear.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, 7 Jan. 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/meet-22-dwindling-dog-breeds/.

“Gun Dog Magazine.” Gun Dog, https://www.gundogmag.com/.

“Gun Dog.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_dog.

“Inbreeding Dogs and Genetic Disease: Dog Breeding Information.” Dog Breeding Information | Take Your Breeding to the next Level..., Dog Breeding Information, 27 July 2016, https://www.dogbreedinginformation.com/inbreeding-dogs/.

“Is Inbreeding Coefficient of 9.5% a Deal Breaker?” The Labrador Forum, https://thelabradorforum.com/threads/is-inbreeding-coefficient-of-9-5-a-deal-breaker.15653/.

Lanting, Fred. “Topline: Canine and GSD Illustrated.” TOPLINE, BACK, SPINE: CORRECT GSD ILLUSTRATED | TheDogPlace.org, The Dog Place, http://www.thedogplace.org/ShowPlace/Topline-Canine-GSD_Lanting-149.asp.

Magrane, Paddy. “Why These Dogs Are in Danger of Extinction.” The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 11 Oct. 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/life-and-style/disappearing-dog-breeds/.

New York Daily News. “Scientists Studying Why Golden Retrievers Are Dying Sooner, Getting Cancer  .” Nydailynews.com, New York Daily News, 9 Apr. 2018, https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/study-underway-shrinking-lifespans-golden-retrievers-article-1.2212563.

Olzer, Rachel, et al. “2.10 Mechanisms of Evolution: Genetic Drift.” The Evolution and Biology of Sex, https://open.lib.umn.edu/evolutionbiology/chapter/2-10-mechanisms-of-evolution-genetic-drift/.

ORGINALLY WRITTEN 04.21.2021

the first time and being age appropriate.  Positive Reinforcement rewards the ‘Nots’ like not barking and uses redirection, too. Treats are usually edible, however praise and petting does work for the dogs who do not want treats.

Problems:
Some of the most common problem behaviors are (alphabetically) barking, biting, car sickness, catch me, chewing, digging, hyperactivity, keep away, jumping, poo eating, and potty training.  We will deal with each one but first there is the groundwork for a successful outcome.  If one method does not work for your dog, do not quit.  There is another method that will work.  Your challenge is to be successful by finding and employing the method that works for your dog.  Any basic class after the last vaccination will work well to continue to socialize your puppy and help you continue to mold your beautiful puppy.

DID YOU KNOW? SAFETY AND TRUST ON THE PUPPY'S SIDE ARE TWO COMMON ISSUES WHEN IT COMES TO TRAINING.
 
Groundwork:
I look at two aspects found in training.  Most trainers work from a foundation of being gently firm but when I run across a terrified adolescent with a biting issue I know its trainer was misguided. From what perspective do you view successful training?  Are you being firm or inspiring fear?  Fear versus firm training methods offer major differences for short-term and long-term behaviors.  A pup trained with confidence and encouragement will have a dependable, healthy foundation. Fear or force does not give the temperament you want to live with for the long term.  
Consider a dog’s baseline understanding and perception is vastly different than a human’s.  They operate on levels we do not, such as having acutely different input for all their senses and being able to experience their world beyond what we perceive, plus there is a major question about a 6th sense regarding intuitiveness or even a magnetic sense like other animals such as birds, dolphins or sea turtles. We are still discovering things about canine sensory. Let’s just say dogs understand you loud and clear well before you say a word or come close, so it is important to set your own limits of what is and is not acceptable for your dog before working with your pup.

Quick side story: 
While waiting to go into the show ring, a woman was having a hissy fit but boy was it a doozy.  We ended up walking  away because she was upsetting our dogs. When the lady entered the ring, her dog was a mess with unusually difficult behavior for that age group and she was cranky about it!  You see, she sabotaged their performance with her own ringside behavior by stressing out her dog. 

In other words: 
Positive reinforcement changes the training directive from the trainer forcing the action to the trainer is encouraging the pup to want to behave differently, to proactively be a part of the process. After all the final outcome is more satisfactory when the pup modifies its own behavior to please you and for rewards. 

Tools:
One of the greatest training tools a person has without stepping outside of their home is their voice.  If you growl, have an angry voice, or cause your puppy to cower or respond in anger/fear, then you have derailed yourself and your training. A happy, positive voice will encourage the puppy to want to please. 

Who is Training who? Now that is the question: 
If we are being honest, the human should be in charge, but at the same three quarters of training is for the human. Consistency is a core component for ease of training. What behaviors are desirable? Is that something you want to deal for the next 12-15 years. Yes? No? The goal is to start as you mean to go on. 

Lastly, keep the whole family involved. Each family member can contribute and have an age appropriate task to work on with training. Consistency pops up here again. If someone deviates, the weakest link WILL be revealed. Overall, as with most family issues, the motto should be: United We Stand, especially when it comes to training your puppy.

​Troubles in Puppydom
So, what is this tip for multiple problem behaviors? At one point the bad behaviors like the peeing barking, etc., were met with scoldings and swatts. Over the years, many noticed that this lengthened the training process. The gentler trend these last couple of years, has allowed for us to observe a positive correlation between a gentler reproach, proactiveness on the recipient or the puppy's side that was not as common previously. This ripple effect in the puppy's behaviors not only shortened training time but has de-stressed the process. 
Examples: 

• Biting on shoes, substitute, for something they can chew. 

• Peeing in the house, monitor their intake and observe time. When puppies wake up they generally need 20-30 minutes of play before potty. After they potty, praise and treat. 
• If your puppy nibbles on you, "Fido. No. " substitute, i.e. with toy or chewable. Don't forget that your puppy is teething, and chewing can soothe the soreness. They just don't need to chew on you. 

Training Tips

• ​Use your puppy's name, then give the command.
• Desensitization, this is a dressed up word for teaching your puppy dog-etiquette. It covers in-home, and out of home. Just wait to take your puppy out at 17 weeks, a week after they have had their 16 week shot, and their immune system has developed. Defer to your vet, and don't be afraid to ask questions!   
• Positive reinforcement, i.e. treat, praise, or scritches or a combination. 
• Consistency

 
Barking
What is the reason?  (Alert/Hello)
Ignore and re-direct!  Teach the pup to sit on command when starting to bark. When they sit, praise and treats. I also teach, “Hush” with treats.  I count to 3 for starters for treats and expand from there. Havanese can be very vocal if it is allowed.
 
Biting / Teething
Your puppy has started to nibble or even bite. I do not allow any puppy to chew on fingers, toes or hand.  Turning the hand is no good, as it will not discourage the behavior. Instead if a puppy is teething and or trying to bite I replace it with an appropriate chew toy. I shut down all play if excessive biting happens with siblings. Redirecting biting to chewing  a toy is a valid choice at this age.  Biting will decrease quickly with age if managed properly.  Teaching ‘Leave It’ can apply with biting, barking and other issues.  Biting games and mismanagement may create re-teaching moments to avoid with an older dog.
 
Car Sickness
This is the 2 Cute Havanese Method for taking care of car sickness.  When the pup is young take it for a ride (around the block, etc.) and have a very cool (69’) AC gently blowing on the pup’s face.  No prior food or drink for at least 2 hours.  No throw up – take a longer drive next time.  Keep your driving very steady, initially. Once a week or so for a couple of months.  Over time lengthen the travel time. When you have been satisfied about your pup’s travel condition bring up the AC.  We did not want to arrive to a show with a dog to have it get sick just as we entered the show grounds!  This method works well for us.  In fact, one of our dogs learned to play with the AC to get it to suit himself! 

The destination has a lot to do with many dogs getting carsick. If the only time a dog is in the car is on the way to the vet, your likelihood of carsickness increases. I talked with my vet extensively on this subject and what they recommended walking around the car, taking your dog to places that'd they enjoy, like parks, to pick up the kids, or to trails and on travels. Just wait till they are 17 weeks or over, we like to add the additional week for their immune system after a conversation with our vet about 16 week shots. 

Catch Me
"Catch Me" begins with game over.  We get a box of dog treats, rattle it and stand at the door. The pup comes and earns a treat and gets picked up or entry into the house. Teaching your pup to ‘Come’ is essential.  Chasing games may create re-teaching moments to avoid with an older dog.  When you walk with your puppy, have treats and randomly give them out for positive behavior. This encourages your puppy to stay next you as well. 

Chewing
The mouth for a puppy is really important.  It is a means of first expression, love, food, verbalization, play and there is some pain going on there. Having two sets of teeth moving in or out or both in about four months going from 28 to 42 teeth is tough! Some do not go away on their own. Teething peeks at 17 weeks meaning there are 17 weeks more to go. So, plan on a variety of safe puppy-appropriate chew toys.  Chewing relieves some of the teething pain.  Rotate the toys for optimal attention span. Have some for long term chew and others short-term chew.  Some options are:

• Flavored
• Textured
• Sound/Noisy or squeaky
• Interactive
• Food inserts
• Tug-of-war toys.

 

Hyperactivity
You can ignore the puppy until it settles down or help it expel some energy.  Interactive play like get the ball or chase the ribbon (cat toy) will help. Exercise helps. Giving a treat to a calmer pup will encourage 'Settle' with praise. Havanese also have 'zoomies' which come very naturally, especially after bath time in our experience and after a nice runabout, they settle in.

Jumping
This is one of the behaviors you can:

• Ignore (walk away, no voice, touch or eye contact), then redirect or praise/treat desired behavior occurs

• Turn the other direction. 
• Use a command like, "Fido. Down.” or Fido. Sit." then treat when the pup complies.

Jumping is like a puppy saying Me! Me! Look at Me! It is a basic expression of excitement to see you. If you have regular company coming in, get a leash on the pup and teach him to sit or praise/treat when he settles down.  

Poo Eating
Coprophagia or eating feces is common.  Momma dog kept her puppies clean and it included this behavior if she was a good momma up until the pups were about 4-5 weeks old which makes it a learned behavior.  If so, “[Puppy Name] No!” will work.  Remove the feces. Do not chase or make it game with the pup moving away. Check the puppy food for a well-rounded nutrition and accessibility. If a puppy is not digesting all of the nutrients in their food, then this can cause Coprophagia as well. All else, have a veterinarian exam your pup. A new addition or boredom can create stress and stress contributes to eating feces. There are products available to discourage eating poo.
​

The length of time it takes depends on the pup if there are no other distractions.   If needed use a ‘Potty Patch’ an extended period of time.  An 8–10-week-old puppy can hold her bladder for about 2 hours. The general rule of thumb of how long a puppy can hold his bladder is roughly one month of age to one hour, etc.  Holding urine for an extended time over time can lead to UTIs and more. 

We noticed that there is a direct correlation between going potty on a pad and going potty on carpets, couches, or even bedding. So if you are looking for an indoor option, the 'Potty Patch' is a great option. As it looks like grass, feels like grass, ergo, it makes potty training outside easier.

If an indoor patch is not needed, crating your puppy at night encourages a puppy to hold their bladder. Take food and water away an hour before bedtime, or just be consistent in puppy bedtime. When your puppy wakes up take them outside first thing and let them potty. There will be accidents. I throw in a towel in the beginning for easier clean-up and then upgrade their bed to a foam pad as dog beds take up too much space. My dogs also enjoy an additional small blanket or towel thrown in for snuffling purposes. 
​
Overall:
It's quite remarkable to see hard work pay off and a richer relationship develop that will last for the rest of their lives. The owner becomes more confident and has a better behaving dog who enjoys their relationship, too.
                
My dogs' favorite treats are freeze-dried beef liver or beef lungs given only in training sessions.  Another special treat is string cheese sticks.  What does your dog like best?
 
Recommendations:
To learn more about just click "Desensitization" 
             
References:
​Blake, Mychelle. “Does the Potty Patch Work? Pros & Cons.” LoveToKnow, LoveToKnow Media, https://dogs.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Potty_Patch_Reviews.

Debra. Humans for Dogs, http://www.humansfordogs.com/2018/02/my-dog-just-wants-to-play-keep-away-what-should-i-do.html.

“GP.” Amazon, Goettsche Partners, 2011, https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002MVN4EO/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=sl1&tag=lov0f6-20&linkId=ff85ceb14f60b5eca27ec9556a68c41d&language=en_US.

Horwitz, DVM, DACVB, Debra, and Gary Landsberg, DVM, DACVB, DECAWBM. “Overcoming Fears with Desensitization and Counterconditioning.” Overcoming Fears With Desensitization And Counterconditioning | VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/overcoming-fears-with-desensitization-and-counterconditioning#:~:text=Desensitization%20is%20a%20technique%20of,intense%20levels%20of%20the%20stimulus.

Limited, Alamy. “Cartoon Dog Digs a Hole Vector Illustration Stock Vector Image & Art .” Alamy, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-cartoon-dog-digs-a-hole-vector-illustration-88332553.html.

Stregowski, Jenna. “10 Common Dog Behavior Problems and Solutions.” The Spruce Pets, The Spruce Pets, 22 Feb. 2022, https://www.thesprucepets.com/common-dog-behavior-problems-1118278.

Wed Dec 26 07:52:00 EST 2012. “How to Handle Four Common Puppy Behavior Problems.” Vetstreet, http://www.vetstreet.com/our-pet-experts/common-behavior-problems-in-puppies.

Wed Dec 26 07:52:00 EST 2012. “How to Handle Four Common Puppy Behavior Problems.” Vetstreet, http://www.vetstreet.com/our-pet-experts/common-behavior-problems-in-puppies.